Beyond the GPU: How Agentic AI Workloads are Driving a New Era of CPU Innovation in the Data Center

At the AMD Advancing AI event last June, CEO and Chair Dr. Lisa Su described agentic AI as a new class of user: systems that are always active, continuously accessing data, applications, and services to make decisions and complete complex tasks.

These systems rely on high-performance GPUs to generate insights in real time, but the surrounding infrastructure is just as important. As agentic AI activity grows, high-performance CPUs coordinate workflows, process and move data, and manage the many operations that occur around the model.

While GPUs excel at the high-throughput parallel processing used in AI training and many inference tasks, modern AI deployments depend on balanced systems. CPUs, GPUs, networking, and software each play distinct roles in delivering performance at scale.

Within these environments, CPUs orchestrate workloads, manage memory and data movement, and support the enterprise applications that run alongside AI models in production. That makes CPU performance and efficiency more important than ever in the overall performance of modern AI infrastructure.

In recently published data, a 5th Gen AMD EPYC CPU-based system is estimated to show up to 2.1x higher performance per core against comparable Nvidia Grace Superchip-based systems.1 The same AMD EPYC CPU-based system compared to the same Nvidia Grace Superchip-based system is estimated to deliver up to 2.26x uplift on SPECpower,2 measuring operations per watt.

Just as importantly, the x86 CPU architecture gives customers the advantage of a broad, proven software ecosystem with the vast majority of enterprise workloads already running natively across on-prem and cloud environments; without the refactoring, recompiling, and multiple code bases that often come with adding Arm-based systems.

How CPUs and GPUs Work Together

Think of the relationship between CPUs and GPUs in AI data centers as that of a head coach with a team of agile athletes.

The CPU head coach calls the plays, reacts to the other team, watches the clock and keeps all the players moving in the right direction. GPUs are the players, each of them specializing in one very efficient part of one play at a time. 

Server CPUs are designed to handle complex tasks and orchestrate GPUs in system. They load data from memory, ready it for the GPUs, coordinate its right-on-time delivery, and handle the instructions and data the GPUs need to do their jobs. GPUs with their smaller cores are designed for simpler chores that they perform again and again at a rapid pace.

Roles Adjust Between Training and Inference

Training is where GPUs and high throughput compute shine. Neural networks rely heavily on operations involving large grids of data, and AI training requires a team of GPUs to crunch that data over and over for the system to learn. 

During training, CPUs manage and feed the data to the GPUs to keep them working at peak efficiency. CPUs also run the operating system, manage memory and schedule tasks. It’s a lot, but it’s not a strain on the CPUs. 

As the bulk of AI work transitions to inference, the CPU becomes less organizer and more the results-focused manager. GPUs still perform much of the heavy neural network math. But the CPU picks up the heavy thinking: It collects the data, routes information, interprets results, and decides the final actions. The CPU’s role is more intense in inference with control, coordination, and complex decision-making happening at the same time.

This shows why architecture matters. 

AMD is the leader in chiplet design. That modular approach gives AMD the flexibility to tune compute, I/O, memory bandwidth, and power envelopes to deliver right-sized compute for everything from core enterprise applications and virtualization to GPU orchestration and multi-step agentic AI workflows.

Agentic AI Leans on the CPU

The arrival of agentic AI – artificial intelligence that can plan, decide, and take actions with minimal human intervention – demands a CPU that can do more than ever. In the world of AI agents, CPUs spend more time and logic considering results, rather than just returning a response like traditional inferencing. And, often, it returns the problem to the GPUs for another go-around with adjusted directions before that final result is delivered.

On top of their other duties, CPUs in agentic AI systems need to manage tool calls, API requests, and memory queries. And, in a perfect world, they do all that while keeping the GPUs busy. The rise of agentic AI drives increased CPU cycles as CPUs move data between agents, enterprise applications and data lakes. 

The CPU coach is not only playing out the game’s last two minutes, it’s trying play after play to score. And the decisions it makes determine how GPUs are utilized, overall throughput, and, especially important for AI providers, total cost of ownership.

Cue the AMD EPYC Server CPUs

Agentic AI is expanding what AI can do. It’s also reinforcing a truth every data center architect already knows: The best AI outcomes come from balanced systems. GPUs will continue to drive the compute, but CPUs will be increasingly critical to orchestration, efficiency, and overall data center consolidation to make more room for more AI systems without having to increase data center footprint or power envelope. 

AI performance is increasingly defined at the system level and AMD is uniquely positioned to optimize everything from CPUs and GPUs to networking and an open software stack to maximize cluster-level performance per system watt. AMD EPYC CPUs tightly integrate with AMD Instinct GPUs to support efficient GPU management with the system all brought together by the AMD ROCm software stack.

AMD is already building on that foundation. Next-gen AMD EPYC CPUs, codenamed “Venice,” are positioned to power the upcoming “Helios” rack-scale AI architecture. “Venice” is expected to extend leadership in performance, density, and energy efficiency for AI and general-purpose workloads.

AI is accelerating compute demand across the board and driving a global server refresh cycle. With AMD EPYC processors, AMD is delivering the CPU foundation customers need to scale what’s next – and to coach all those high-performing GPUs.